Evaluate Personal Competencies as an Organizational Development Practitioner - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1366 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction Prahalad and Hamel (1982) describe the competencies of the organization as to an entity. Personal competence are referred to as employees’ core competence (Reagan, 1994). When discussing the competency of a successful manager, the competencies here are referred to as managerial competence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Evaluate Personal Competencies as an Organizational Development Practitioner" essay for you Create order The managerial competencies are derived from the organizational competencies and thus shows that the personal competencies and organizational competence goes hand to hand to implement each other. Pickett (1998, p 112) says that â€Å"managerial competencies provide a sound basis for an effective performance management program. Using the information obtained during the review of competencies required by the job and those possessed by the person performing that job, an integrated process can be introduced linking competencies with the annual performance review program and the determination of objectives.† In organization development, the competencies are very essential. This competencies of a manager are the once that shape up the future of the organization. As a manager am supposed to get to know how to acq2uire the best competence to run the firm and make sure that each and every person recognizes the importance of the competencies of the manager. In this paper we discuss the competencies of an organization development which are interpersonal competence, self-management competence, general consultation skills and lastly the theory of the organization development. Interpersonal skills. In the organization, as a manager I interact with a lot of people from different people who are directly or indirectly linked with the organization. When interacting with all this people and also communicate with them, there is use of the skills of life. This help me to understand these people who are sometimes a group or individuals. By acquiring strong interpersonal skills have made it lots in both my personal life and also the organization. The interpersonal skills are communication skills, team working conflict resolution, problem solving and making decision, and negotiation, persuasion and influencing skills. As a manager to pursue, I ensure that what I communicate either verbal or non-verbal everybody understand it and what others say, I get them well even if the it is verbal or non-verbal. Because of the strong interpersonal skills, the people that I supervise, they understand me well and thus they give the best they have learnt from me. I usually encourage them in daily bases by ensuring that every person is looked at his demand. It is said that, with a good interpersonal skills, there is perceiving of the calmness, confident, optimistic and charismatic. When I portrays these characteristics, the people that a supervising always feel that I am endearing to them. This built a lot of trust to them. It is very importance to make self-assessment of the interpersonal skills that as a manager I have. The analysis of the SWOT help me in managing the interpersonal skills that I have as a manager. The first thing as a manager, I recognize my field which am strong with. The people I supervise they recognize me a market leader and strong in the team management. The next thing I recognize the weakness I have as a manager which affect both the direct participant in the organization or the indirect.   This includes the lack of the work experience, weak technical knowledge and weak skill. Therefore as a manager, you should improve on the weakness but not letting them overrule what you have planned to do. There are positive conditions which are external but you control them. These are referred to as the opportunities. For example, opportunities for professional development and advancement. This plan as a manager I do take advantage of them to do better in my field and deal with my competitor. And lastly n SWOT is the threats which are external condition which cannot be controlled but can be lessen to capture them in an organization. General Consultation Skills To discover the areas of development and current functioning of the organization, the OD first identifies the department and therefore as a practitioners you should know how to identify in a basic level. Also as a practitioners, you should have knowledge on how to employ organization members in identifying, assist them on how the rights question are put and how the information is gathered and analyzed. Being a manager, for instance, you suppose to work with other subordinates hand to hand so that you came identify the strengths and/or problems that a department or organization have. On the other hand, in gathering and analyzing the information, as a manager you should have the methods and the technique to use such as survey, interview, force-field analysis, distributions and statistical means. Wen diagnosing, as a manager you should have a skills on how the intervention is designed and executed by defining the action plan and able to acquire commitment to program. As you a manager, y ou should have skills on how to modify the situations of intervention by use of the data progress of the guide implementation change. For instance, as a manager you should work and corporate with subordinates to come up with interventions’ action steps. Therefore as a manager through participation, you are supposed to acquire the commitment of the subordinates, discuss with them on the progression and if there is any modification need should be done. Self-Management competence Organization development is a human craft even if there is sophistication of the field and the knowledge base growth. Being a practitioners you should always process data that is ambiguous and complex. Also you should come up with judgment that is informed which is importance to the issues of the organization. As a practitioner you are supposed to be self-centered so that you can recognize your own feeling, integrity, values and purpose so that ton have a responsible behavior when it comes to have relation with others. As an OD practitioner you should have a learning skills and reasonable balance midst your emotional and rational sides so that you can adopt everyday adjustment ad innovation in OD. You are supposed to know how to manage our own tress because OD practices leads to burnout due to high rate of stress. Organizational Development Theory The manager should have the organization development basic knowledge. Where there is change in plan, research model action, and contemporary approaches on management, as an OD practitioners you are supposed to appreciate. There are a various interventions that as a manager you should be conversant with. Also should be aware of the programs changes on the evaluating needs and institutionalizing. Being an OD professional, a manager, or a specialist, you should recognize your roles in case of the evolving ground of the organization development in the area that you are related. As an OD practitioner your role is being more complex and changing. According to Ellen Fagenson and W. Warner, integration of the technology was the least OD skills that was practice while team development was the most activity of the OD that was practice and even today is practice. The other theorists also suggested the same result, and this was the reinforcement of it. As today OD practitioners you have knowledge on the leadership, structure, strategy, corporate culture, reward systems, client organization’s business and human resource development. There is no processing of the facilitators by the OD practitioners of today. The mainstream of the client organization, the role of today’s OD practitioners is a bit challenging compared to the past ones. Conclusion As an OD practitioner you should help employees on how to come up with own concepts, solutions and systems. Due to this, the employee makes sure that they have worked hard to attain the goals they set when making programs changes. Leadership, project management, communication, personal, interpersonal and problem solving are the skills that OD practitioners who are people oriented focuses on. Ability to tolerate ambiguity, conceptualize, influence, support and nature others, confront difficult issues, listen well and empathize, and teach are some of the key abilities to the effectiveness of the OD consultant. These abilities are acquired differently from each other. In some cases some are acquired through learning from others or being taught while others are acquired individually through basic temperament or personality which are different from one person to another.

Feminism Is It Really As Bad As We Think - 1934 Words

Madison Gordon Mr. Cropp English 122 2 March 2017 Feminism; is it really as bad as we think? Intro: When someone says, they are a feminist majority of Americans seem to think of a woman who is angry at society, wanting justice for all the bad things men and the government have done to them. Someone who just plain hates men and is not in to â€Å"girly† things. Maybe some can be that way but when women talk about it they specifically like to mention that they are not that aggressive or angry as a feminist, that they just want justice for women and to be treated equally. Many feminists are usually sociable or even â€Å"in the closet† with their ideals. Although feminism has become something women tend to be ashamed of, and lately many countries as†¦show more content†¦By this we mean that we need gender equality, which is a main reason why people have feminist views. is letting women vote starting in 1920, women being able to have combat positions in the armed forces as well as having to register for the draft starting in 2018, and starting to close t he pension gap. Although we have done some things to move towards gender equality here in America, other countries have been more successful in doing so. 1a: America falls 8th on a list of the most feminist countries, even though it does not quite seem like a fantastic place for women. Though despite the inequalities in America women represent the majority of college students and high degree holders. Women do not; however, receive paid maternity leave which is a reason why it is placed 8th on this list. (Women’s rights worldwide: Top 10 feminist countries). A good aspect is that women in America are more likely to have blue collar jobs than a woman in Sweden (which is ranked 3rd) where the majority have pink collar jobs. The fact that woman can obtain such jobs show that it is possible for women to be able to do the same work than men do. With America being placed 8th there is much to be learned from the countries ranked higher. 1b: A few countries ahead of America are Iceland and Norway, who have passed gender equality laws, and outlawed strip clubs. Iceland is theShow MoreRelatedFeminism And Gender Roles Importance1632 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism and Gender Roles Importance Involved in Identity in Characters Gender is one of the biggest ways we judge someone in our world today. Being a girl is typically a sign of being weak, powerless, and not as important. If a man was called a girl, it means they are being childish, or stupid about a certain situation. 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There are many ways that feminism can be described as it is a number of theories, social movements, cultural and political movements. These movements are shedding light to the inequalities and equal rights for women and also equality for everyone. Feminism is a way for womenRead MoreFeminism Is A Political, Cultural, Or Economic Movement?1542 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism has been around since the early 1900s, but the longer it stays around the less needed it’s become (â€Å"History and Theory of Feminism†). What is feminism though? â€Å"Feminism is a political, cultural, or economic movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women (â€Å"History and Theory of Feminism†).† But, people in this day an d age are more interested in equal rights for all genders, not just for women. People believe that feminism is over and done because feminists have

Heart of Darkness5 Essay Example For Students

Heart of Darkness5 Essay Life in London set a cushion for its citizens, â€Å"with solid pavement under your feet, surrounded by kind neighbors ready to cheer you or to fall you, stepping delicately between the butcher and the policeman, in the holy terror of scandal and gallows and lunatic asylums. (Pg. )† On the other hand, once a man enters the Congo, he is all alone. No policeman, no â€Å"warning voice of a kind neighbor,† no one. Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness sets Marlow on a journey in the Congo, where he realizes the environment he comes from is not reality, but an illusion hiding true human nature. His arrival at the First Station is his first exposure to the Congo where a horrid reality and nave mentality is revealed a comparison of darkness and light. The chosen passage falls in the beginning of the narrative to set a picture of what to expect at upcoming stations. Marlow leaves London, his home, and his Aunt to travel to his first stop on the Congo River; the First Station. Here, Marlow begins to realize the unspeakable horror that exists. â€Å"Six black men advanced in file†¦ I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs were like knots in a rope; each had an iron collar on his neck, and all were connected together with a chain whose bights swung between them.† Marlow disapproved of what he saw and chose to avoid the six men. After his encounter with the â€Å"gang,† he meets the Chief Accountant, a well-dressed, tidy man, whom he admires. â€Å"I respected his collars†¦ his appearance was certainly that of a hairdresser’s dummy; but in the great demoralization of the land he kept up his appearance. That’s backbone. (Pg. 227)† Despite the dehumanization surrounding them, there sti ll stands a man who can present himself â€Å"properly†. The first chapter of the novel is framed to present life in London, then contrasting it with a picture of the savage Congo, and finishing by showing that civilized life can still exist in the jungle. Diction plays two pertinent roles in the passage: to produce imagery and to label objects or people. Diction reflects the extent of the contrasting light and darkness of the station that the imagery creates. In the midst of â€Å"mounds of turned-up earth by the shore†¦ a waste of excavations,† Marlow notes â€Å"a blinding sunlight drowned all this at times in a sudden recrudescence of glare.† â€Å"Blinding,† â€Å"glare,† and â€Å"drowned† all produce the affect that the image is blocked from view, conveying the message that light will overcome darkness. This is the nave mentality of the Europeans contained in the theme. Exemplified by the French man of war, they believed the fight for imperialism had reason to shine their light upon the dark Congo. â€Å"In the empty immensity of earth, sky, and water, there she was, incomprehensible, firing into a continent. Pop, would go one of the six inch guns; a small flame would dart and vanish, a l ittle white smoke would disappear, a tiny projectile would give a feeble screech – and nothing happened†¦ it was not dissipated by somebody on board assuring me earnestly there was a camp of natives – he called them enemies! – hidden out of sight somewhere (Pg.222-223).†Marlow is watching this occurrence, referring to the great firearms as simple â€Å"tiny projectiles† producing a measly â€Å"pop.† The Europeans see themselves fighting an honorable war against savage enemies in the name of imperialism. These enemies were no where to be seen, but a European crewmate assured him that the enemies were â€Å"hidden out of sight somewhere.† This is the nave mentality of the Europeans at the time, blinded by the â€Å"glare† of imperialism. .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 , .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 .postImageUrl , .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 , .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71:hover , .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71:visited , .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71:active { border:0!important; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71:active , .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71 .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1fdaab31410aa31d31e92df4b89f0b71:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Development Of Huck Finn EssayLabels are much more than words, they display judgment of a person or event. â€Å"A lot of people, mostly black and naked, moved about like ants.† Marlow initially recognizes the natives humanity, however, he also labels them as ants in the same sentencedehumanizing them. Again, Marlow demoralizes the African natives: â€Å"To the left a clump of trees made a shady spot, where dark things seemed to stir feebly.† This time, his inference is worse. An ant is at least a living creature, but now they are simple things, stripped of life. Diction in naming shows the European nave mentality, yet also shows the horrid reality and the pr aise for civilization. It is the European mindset that causes Marlow to subconsciously demoralize the natives, yet in doing so, he exposes the new reality of the Congo. Calling them â€Å"ants† shows the role of the natives in the Congo. The Africans are only workers: blasting holes, building railroad, gathering ivory. Referring to them as objects defines their insignificance in the colonist world. However, when meeting with the Chief Accountant, he labels him as an idol. â€Å"He was amazing, and had a penholder behind his ear. / I shook hands with this miracle, and I learned he was the company’s chief accountant (Pg. 227).† Marlow then meets with the station’s manager, who begins to describe Kurtz. â€Å"Mr. Kurtz was the best agent he had, an exceptional man, of the greatest importance to the company (Pg. 232)† Conrad uses â€Å"miracle,† â€Å"best,† â€Å"exceptional,† and â€Å"greatest importance,† all very strong words, all complimenting the â€Å"civilized† inhabitants of the Congo. Conrad makes both extremes clear to the reader. Some men, such as Kurtz, see the horrid reality that lies before them. His final words, â€Å"The horror! The horror! (Pg. 283),† echo his dismay of the reality he was exposed to in the Congo. Other men are still oblivious to the environment of the Congo, including the listeners on the Nellie, who growls at Marlow, â€Å"Try to be civil, Marlow (Pg. 245).† Still, in their navet, they find it hard to believe that such a reality exists; the notion of it is incomprehensible. One character still remains ambiguous on the scale: Marlow. Where does he stand? Does Marlow resent the way Europeans live and is he willing to live the same life as Kurtz? Conrad never makes a clear assertion answering this question, however there is evidence leading to both extremes. Aboard the Nellie, he tells his mates that â€Å"I hate, detest, and can’t bear a lie, not because I am straighter than the rest of us, but simply because it appall s me. There is a taint of death, a flavor of mortality in lies – which is exactly what I hate and detest in the world (Pg. 237).† Towards the end of the novel, Kurtz’ fianc asks Marlow what Kurtz’ last words were, he responds, â€Å"The last word he pronounced – was your name (Pg. 297).† Although detesting lies, he proceeds to tell one to the Intended based on his own good judgment. Marlow’s stance remains a mystery. Bibliography:

The Story Of The Holy Quran English Literature Essay free essay sample

This narrative is related about a 60 old ages old lady who lived in our vicinity. She belongs to a little small town located in the NWFP. Like other childs of the small town, I besides learned holy Quran from her. When of all time I met her I saw deep unhappiness on her face. I am witting this narrative by her permission in her words. ( Names and topographic points are changed to keep confidentiality ) . I belong to little small town ABC town I born in a household whose living status were really hapless. My household was consisted of my female parent, father, two sisters and my ego. My male parent was a husbandman and used to cultivate the signifiers of other people. I was the younger 1. When I grew up I neer got love from my male parent because he wanted a boy, and he insisted my female parent to halt feeding me as she could non pregnant till she feed me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story Of The Holy Quran English Literature Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unfortunately my female parent did non got pregnant and my male parent used bad linguistic communication for her. He started crushing her for her small errors because she did non produced a boy with the remarks that if I had a boy I would be more comfy and happy because this is the boy who is the protagonist of the male parent and take the household line farther. My two sisters were married and they were happy in their households. When I was 13 twelvemonth old my male parent died in a route accident while traveling to work in the signifiers. The clip of adversity started for us. For 40 yearss our neighbours sent us nutrient three times a twenty-four hours because it is in our civilization. The most hard period started when we have non any thing for eating my female parent started working in khan ( land Godhead ) house to feed me. All the twenty-four hours she worked for them and brought nutrient for me. My female parent became weak due to age factor remained sick lying on the bed now she is non able to go on her work. As we have non other beginning of income so I replace my female parent and started working in that house where my female parent working before. In mean while my female parent seeking for my proposal to go forth the load from her caput. One twenty-four hours she found a 65 twelvemonth old adult male with one married woman and four girls. He wanted 2nd matrimony because he has no boy. I got married to him and shifted to his house. The early yearss of matrimony was pleasant, but after few months I saw the alteration in the attitude of hubby, his married woman and girls. He started crushing and mistreat verbally because I did non pregnant to bring forth boy. The whipping and mistreating become everyday. I become feed up from this state of affairs and went to a physician of the small town and state her the inside informations. She advises me some trial and asks me that my hubby besides go through from some trials. When I com back place I tell my hubby that he besides need to make some trial which the physician advised. As I finished my word, he started crushing me with stick. I left the house and ran off to my female parent. My f emale parent becomes angry on me that why I left place because I can non afford you what of all time is the state of affairs bears it. But I know if there is any mistake in my hubby he will disassociate me because he will neer fault him self for that he can non produced. And he did what I was believing at that place was mistake in the trials and he can non bring forth childs due to age factor so he divorced me. For endurance I started work near by house. After some clip that the boy of the proprietor trailing me and than badgering me. when he exceed than I talk to him that if he did non go forth his bad action than I will state your parents but he did non halt. I told my female parent about this male child but my female parent did non take any notice, and I become worry because for me it was a serious affair. One twenty-four hours when I came back place in the eventide I saw that male child sitting beside my female parent on chirpiye ( bed ) and express joying when she see me she na me me to come here and sit with us. after some clip she got up stating that she is traveling to do tea for you people and I know my female parent left us entirely intensely. As my female parent left he said make friendly relationship with me and make what of all time I said to you as consequence you does non necessitate to work in my place will acquire money in your house. It happened reputedly. One twenty-four hours I reached place my female parent was non present at place but that male child was sitting on chirpiye ( bed ) . I ask him delight travel out my female parent is non at place but he is non listening to me and all of a sudden keep my manus and state me I love you much and I want merry with you and your female parent besides want this that why? She left us entirely. It become everyday when he come my female parent left the place. meanwhile one of my neighbours trailing me stating that male child is chat uping with you and I am sincere with you I truly want to get married w ith you and you can prove it I was already fad up of my life so I trust him asked him to direct you parent he sent but my female parent did non hold after this my trust go more stronger on that male child. One twenty-four hours he told me should run away from place and got tribunal matrimony I agree with him we decided clip and topographic point for run intoing.According to shave I go out from place with small money and decorations which I got from pervious hubby. We reached the metropolis where he took money and decorations to maintain in the bag from here he take me in the waiting room of railroad station and state me to wait her I am traveling to convey tickets for another metropolis. I wait till dark but he has non come beck I become so worry started shouting a white face fungus adult male sitting near by maneuvering me inquire me where are you traveling and why you are so disquieted in tenseness I told him I did non cognize than he said beti ( girl ) where is your place I tell him that I have non any place start shouting he kept manus on my caput and Tell beta those people who have non any 1 they have God. And inquire if you trust me travel with me I have non any kids and I considered you a cherished gift of God as girl and bright me here. One he told me there is few nice proposals for if you want I refused and said I did desire to acquire get married if you want to maintain me than delight let me to learn holy Quran to the neighbour goon kids and I spare my life merely for this intent. They become agree for my felicity.From boulder clay to day of the month I am here Analysis After listening to her I besides became sad and disquieted and I felt her hurting in my bosom. In the visible radiation of literature and treatment in old categories, I would wish to state that. The right to life of adult females in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying societal norms and traditions. ( Kamal 1997 ) .it was gender intolerance, and favoritism both the girl every bit good as the female parent was affected. It is the dual criterions of our male dominant civilization that a female is non accepted from the twenty-four hours of her birth until she dies. As adult females are about 50 per centum of the universe population, but their birth is till questioned and no organic structure in the place to reply this inquiry, In this narrative both were maltreatment and toured physically, mentally and socially by the society. Here basic right of feeding get down a kid was flawed from the early age and on words, she remained under Federal non merely because of poorness but, beside s because of he female sex. In add-on, she be paid her life like a retainer, and after her illness her function automatically shifted to her girl. In many parts of south Asia including Pakistan, merely adult female is thought to be responsible for continuing following coevals. Reproduction is presumed to be an built-in portion of a stable soldierly relationship with strong desire for boies and the incrimination for the absence of coveted figure and sex of kids is unquestioningly placed on adult female merely, besides typical Asiatic tradition still demands that all matrimonies result in kids sooner male one. ( Sami A ; Ali, 2006 ) . I agree that in this patrillineal system produces a strong desire for boy to go on the household line and the boies are besides regarded as beginnings of income and security in the old age, and absence this desire become menace for the adult female position in hubby s hone every bit good as in the society taking to assorted effects such as hasbandremarring, divorce, emotional torment, want from her heritage or being returned to her parent s household. This is really apparent in this narrative. I learnt through this narrative and after through the literature that a cultural tendency of the sex favoritism is non the job of that peculiar country but it is a inclination that exists in all over the state every bit good as the other developing states every bit good. .We as wellness attention professional if I have an brush to cover such a state of affairs I will give instruction to the parents about the importance of nutrition in childhood every bit good as kid rights in Islam. Our function as wellness attention supplier would non complete until here because it is great duty in our shoulder to be performed. We can advocate parent and household about the fact that male and female have the same rights and powerlessness. We can do ego aid group in community degree to make consciousness in community about gander favoritism. We can compose in intelligence Piper nigrum for authorities to do some effectual policies for adult females empowerment. Although we have the policy for the adult females authorization but impulse is need to be implement It is besides indispensable that adult females should be cognizant of her rights, and it will merely be possible when she will be educated. I worked in rural country for seven old ages and I observed that authorities did many attempts to better the female literacy rate in rural countries and diverseness is seen but it is still non adequate. If we see the other side of the image adult females s rights consciousness seeps into the privy universe of adult females. But if adult females begin to asseverate their rights, nevertheless tentatively, the response is rough and immediate ; the curve of want from rights has risen parallel to the rise in consciousness of rights. Second, I came o cognize that at times the patriarchal doctrine that work forces have power and privilege than adult females is possibly the most relentless system of power kineticss through out the ages. This translates to an political orientation that legitimizes the system ensuing in the belief that adult females are the belongings of their partners. For the most portion, adult females bear traditional male control over every facet of their organic structures, address and behaviour with stolidity, as portion of their destiny, ( kamal, 1997 ) .Which leads to domestic force which is seeable in this narrative, as she was beaten for her small errors and abused her physically and verbally. Koenig, et, Al, ( 2006 ) found that 10 % to 69 % of the adult female reported that they had experience physical force from a male spouse. Domestic force is a critical issue for adult females in Pakistan by and large in the rural eara peculiar. In future if I had a opportunity to take attention of the patient from the country I will seek non merely to guarantee the engagement both of the adult male and adult female but besides as apprehension of the adept and perceptual experience of work forces sing married woman maltreatment and force. A batch have been done by authorities and other wellness undertakings to better the wellness position of the rural adult female and decreased the load of domestic s force and the resulting physical and psychological injury. More is needed to be done. To ease adult females for instruction and sceptered adult females to over come this jobs and it will come by making consciousness among them, because surveies showed that higher socioeconomic position and higher degrees of instruction among adult females have by and large found to protective ( Koenig et al,2006 ) for the consciousness a ego aid group might be helpful. Fainally I would wish to analyse the most atrocious thing of this narrative which is the early matrimony because when she was married she was merely 13 even she did nt cognize the significance of matrimony. After matrimony how she went through different effects like physical maltreatment, divorce and separation from female parent for whole life so all these effects is oculus opener issue. For a piece I thought if she would be my girl what would be my feeling and reaction. In add-on matrimony is an understanding between two people and if one of them child will so how could this understanding will along. It was really common in the yesteryear but it is still exciting less normally in our some civilization. In the last I will mention the statement from the book Islamic jurisprudence and adult females ( 1998 ) since pubescence was accepted by most of the legal experts as the minimal age for matrimony, matrimonies at the age of nine were performed. ( p.57 ) This issue needs great attending of this modern universe where rights resources can play a critical function.

Boiling Definition in Chemistry

Boiling Definition in Chemistry Boiling is defined as  a phase transition from the liquid state to the gas state, usually occurring when a liquid is heated to its boiling point. At the boiling point, the vapor pressure of the liquid is the same as the external pressure acting upon its surface. Also Known As:  Two other words for boiling are  ebullition and vaporization. Boiling Example A good example of boiling is seen when water is heated until it forms steam. The boiling point of  fresh water at sea level  is  212 °F (100 °C).  The bubbles that form in the water contain the vapor phase of water, which is steam. The bubbles expand as they get closer to the surface because there is less pressure acting upon them. Boiling Versus Evaporation In the process of evaporation, particles may transition from the liquid phase to the gas phase. However, boiling and evaporation do not mean the same thing. Boiling occurs throughout the volume of a liquid, while evaporation only occurs at the surface interface between the liquid and its surroundings. The bubbles that form during boiling do not form during evaporation. In evaporation, the liquid molecules have different kinetic energy values from one another.

How Votes Are Counted on Election Day

How Votes Are Counted on Election Day After the polls close on  Election Day, the task of counting the votes begins. Each city and state use a different method to collect and tabulate ballots. Some are electronic, others paper-based. But the process of counting votes is generally the same no matter where you live and vote. Preparations As soon as the last voter has voted, the election judge at each polling place makes sure poll workers have sealed all of the ballot boxes and then sends the sealed ballot boxes to a central vote-counting facility. This is usually a government office, like a city hall or county courthouse. If digital voting machines are used, the election judge will send the media on which the votes are recorded to the counting facility. The ballot boxes or computer media are usually transported to the counting facility by sworn law enforcement officers. At the central counting facility, certified observers representing the political parties or candidates watch the actual vote counting to make sure the count is fair. Paper Ballots In areas where paper ballots are still used, election officials manually read each ballot and add up the number of votes in each race. Sometimes two or more election officials read each ballot to ensure accuracy. Since these ballots are filled out manually, the voters intention can sometimes be unclear. In these cases, the election judge either decides how the voter intended to vote or declares that the ballot in question will not be counted. The most common problem with manual vote counting is, of course, human error. This can also be an issue with punch card ballots, as youll see. Punch Cards Where punch card ballots are used, election officials open each ballot box, manually count the number of ballots cast, and run the ballots through a mechanical punch card reader. Software in the card reader records the votes in each race and prints out totals. If the total number of ballot cards read by the card reader does not match the manual count, the election judge can order the ballots recounted. Problems can occur when the ballot cards stick together while being run through the card reader, the reader malfunctions, or the voter has damaged the ballot. In extreme cases, the election judge can order the ballots to be read manually. Punch card ballots and their infamous hanging chads led to the controversial vote count in Florida during the 2000 presidential election. Digital Ballots With the newer, fully computerized voting systems, including optical scan and direct recording electronic systems, the vote totals may be transmitted automatically to the central counting facility. In some cases, these devices record their votes on removable media, such as hard disks or cassettes, which are transported to the central counting facility for counting. According to the Pew Research Center, nearly half of all Americans use optical-scan voting systems, and about a quarter use direct-recording voting machines. Like any electronic device, these voting machines are vulnerable to hacking, at least in theory, experts say. But as of August 2017, there is little to no evidence suggesting that hacking has occurred. Recounts and Other Issues Whenever the results of an election are very close, or problems have occurred with the voting equipment, one or more of the candidates often demand a recount of the votes. Some state laws call for mandatory recounts in any close election. The recounts may be done by a manual hand-count of ballots or by the same type of machines used to make the original count. Recounts do sometimes change the outcome of an election. In almost all elections, some votes are lost or incorrectly counted due to voter mistakes, faulty voting equipment, or errors by election officials. From local elections to presidential elections, officials are constantly working to improve the voting process, with the goal of making sure that every vote is counted and counted correctly. Of course, there remains one absolutely certain way to make sure your vote will not be counted: dont vote. Effect of 2016 Russian Interference on Future Vote Counting Since Special Counsel Robert Mueller issued his â€Å"Report on the Investigation Into the Russia Interference in The 2016 Presidential Election† in March 2019, the U.S. House of Representative has passed legislation intended to reform the voting process and protect future elections. While the Senate Judiciary Committee has advanced two similar bipartisan bills on election security, they have yet to be debated by the full Senate. In addition, several states have announced plans to replace their current voting machines and computerized vote counting systems with more modern and hacker-proof equipment before the 2020 presidential election. According to a report by the Brennan Center for Justice, local election officials in 254 jurisdictions across 37 states plan to purchase new voting equipment in the â€Å"near future.† Election officials in 31 of the 37 states hope to replace their equipment before the 2020 election. In 2002, Congress enacted the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) allocating $380 million to help states strengthen their election security.

SWOT Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

SWOT Analysis - Essay Example The Microsoft mission is â€Å"to help people and businesses throughout the world realize their full potential†. The implied vision is to be the preferred provider of software , devices and services for people as Microsoft fulfills that mission (Microsoft, 2013). One goal that can be addressed with the use of a strategic plan is to continually aim for a diverse and inclusive workplace. On the other hand, the goal to provide tools and services to partners in a particular market, such as Finland, can be addressed with an operational plan (Microsoft, 2013; Brown, 2013). The company has deep financial strengths and a diversifying product and services portfolio, with its traditional cash cows Windows and Office being complemented by healthy growth in areas such as servers and tools, as well as its entertainment assets that include Xbox. It is also starting to flex its muscles in cloud computing, and mobile computing. Its large revenues and large profit margins coupled with aggressive investments in acquisitions and R&D, together with its wide presence in a large number of related technology areas, make Microsoft a bulwark of strength (Microsoft, 2013; CNN, 2012; Google, 2013; Capital Traders Group, 2013). While the company has monopoly control of large swaths of computing in enterprises and in personal computers, it is lagging severely in mobile computing and in many facets of online computing, including search and social media. These translate to poor positioning moving forward in the fastest growing areas of computing, with Google and Apple leaving Microsoft behind. These are areas of weakness that Microsoft have been slow to act on, and catch up with the big players in those spaces (Vousvounis, 2013). There are many opportunities for Microsoft moving forward, among them opportunities to get cloud computing right, as well as

Principles of Learning to Play the Piano Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of Learning to Play the Piano - Essay Example When learning to play the piano, the first thing that is important is to find the right teacher, someone who is calm, patient and willing to help one understand the importance of practice and form. When playing the piano for the first time it is common to make many mistakes and feel as though one is not capable enough or adequate for this activity. Playing the piano can be complex and that is why it is important to find a teacher who is willing to help and has the patience to guide the student through the process of playing the piano. What is also important is that a teacher will be able to show the student how not to learn to play with bad habits. Once these habits become common-place they are difficult to break, this is why it is essential that my teacher showed how to play the piano corrected for the first time. From then on I was playing properly and playing this lovely instrument with ease. I felt confident knowing that I have selected the appropriate instructor and looked forwa rd to learning more. After finding the proper instructor, the next step in learning how to play the piano involves practice and lots of it. Yes, as they say, practice makes perfect and this is very true when it comes to playing the piano. The more one practices the better he or she will become and regular practice is essential when playing the piano. Step by step people will slowly improve and become memorization is so important when playing the piano, it is very important that practice is regular and consistent.  

Black man and white women Essay Example for Free

Black man and white women Essay The story Black Man and White Women in Dark Green Rowboat†, written by Russell Banks, is about an interracial relationship on the brink of disaster. The story opens up on an extremely hot day in August at a trailer park that is right next to a lake with a variety of people who live there. I was not immediately aware that the black man and the white woman were the focus of the story, but those characters gradually emerged and that’s when things started to get interesting. It becomes very obvious that white women want to control everything in the relationship and doesn’t view the black man as an equal partner. Before they meet at the beach, the white women walks up in her bikini holding her towel, fashion magazine, and tanning lotion with her blonde hair swinging side to side. I automatically start to view her as an egotistical person. When the white women encounters the black man at the beach, she helps him push the boat to the water, but instead of helping him push the boat all the way from shore, she hops in it before her feet had even got wet. He was left to not only push the boat himself, rolling his pant legs up, but also pushing her in it as well. While he is rowing the boat he realizes he didn’t bring a hat and he is sweating. He wraps his shirt around his head and she explains to him that he looks like a sheik and a galley slave. To me this shows how she thinks of him as her own romanticized slave that she can control. She even reassures him that she was not kidding by saying â€Å"no really. Honestly†. (68). The man continues to row and she says she’s starting to put on weight and then she tells the man that she told her mother about them and their situation, but she never looked at him when she was talking to him. Her eyes were closed and directed toward the sun. She isn’t treating him like she cares; she is just caring on with her sun bathing. Then she tells him that she is going to have an abortion that afternoon. She does this without even asking the man if thats what he wants to do. Even after he expresses hatred towards the situation and basically tells her he wants her to keep the baby she doesn’t listen. She just insists that everything will return to normal when it’s done. He asks her what happened and she brushes the question off and explains her mother is ok with him. You can tell he cares about her mother’s opinion of him as he wants the reassurance that her mother actually likes him. The woman explains her mother just thinks she is fragile from depression. Honestly I feel like the women had had other abortions and just didn’t want to be honest with the man. After some time had passed, the woman asks him how long he was going to fish. He tells her about an hour and offers to row her to a swimming spot if she would rather swim. She turns down the offer and makes appoint to mention the fact that she has to be back in time to make it to her abortion later that afternoon; again making it known she is making this decision on her own. The women starts looking through her magazine while the man continued for a few more casts then he finally gave up and said, No sense fishing when the fish aint feeding. The whole point is catching fish, right? (71). This is the mans turning point. I think he realized that the relationship he was in was kind of like fishing, there was no point in him being with her if she didnt want to move on to the next level. Before rowing back into shore, he said he wished he could just leave here there. She gets very nervous when he said that and tells him they have to go back. Thats when the man decided that it was time to move on with his life and he said, You mean, you have to go back. † (71). He rows back and all the people are carrying on like they were before except now things are changing for them. The White woman goes with her towel and magazine to have her abortion and back to living with her mother, while the Black man goes on his own separate way while watching the women leave. Charters, Ann. The Story and Its Writer An Introduction to Short Fiction. 8thth ed. Boston New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. 67-72. Print.

Oedipus, The King Summary :: Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

Sophocles’ Oedipus, the King is a great representation of Greek tragedy and of the human experience. Within it, he explores the intricacies of human thinking and communication along with its ability to change as more information and knowledge is acquired. His primary focus as the story begins and progresses is the growth of Oedipus from an unintelligible and unenlightened mentality to its antithesis. Because the story was one familiar to most of its viewers in its time, there are certain things that they are expected to already know. Among them is the background to the legend. Most generally it was that it was prophesied that Laios and Jocasta, king and queen of Thebes, would give birth to a child who would grow up to murder his father and marry his mother. And, fearing the dreadful prophecy, that the parents nailed their first son's feet together (thus the name Oedipus, which means â€Å"swollen-foot†) and left him to die on a lonely moun-tainside outside the city. Moreover, that he was found by a wandering shepherd who took him to the nearby city of Corinth where he was adopted by the childless King Polybos and Queen Merope who raised him as a son and prince in the royal household. Then, when he was a young adult and first heard the prophecy, that he assumed that it applied to Polybos and Merope, the only parents he had ever known, and had fled Corinth and wandered aroun d Greece where he met a group of travelers and killed an old man who, unknown to him, was his real father, King Laios. Then, when he arrived at Thebes, he met the Sphinx, a monster who guarded the gates of the city and correctly answered its riddle and was rewarded with the title of king of Thebes and was given the hand of the re-cently widowed queen, Jocasta. The true horror in his life begins here because he has four children with her, An-tigone, Ismene, Eteocles, and Polyneices and fulfills the prophecy. The story begins after some time after Oedipus has taken the throne and when there is a mysterious plague that sweeps the city. Here, he learns from the priest that the sacred oracle says that the plague will be re-moved only when Laios' murderer is discovered. Consequently, he sends Creon, his brother-in-law, to Delphi to consult the oracles and find out the identity of the murderer.

For Colored Girls

For Colored Girls who have considered Suicide when the Rainbow is Enuf. Topic: For Colored Girls who have considered Suicide when the Rainbow is Enuf, is a book about women’s perspective on life and how they way view men, which have hurt them, mistreated them, and how they react and live on it I. All women feel at some point in their life its hard dealing with men, life and descrimation, but black women feel they have it hard than most. II. Body A.Black women’s outlook on men and how they feel mistreated 1. Family a. Father b. Boyfriends c. Husbands 2. Black women always have always had problems with men, not just black men but all men, as they feel in the book. d. Not just black men but any man, hurt them as one has a father of a different ethnic. e. They also have to deal with the lies and abandonment. III. 3. The women in my book deal with growing up black in the 1960’s and 70’s. 4. The women in my book also deal with men treating them badly. 5.They als o how they are to deal with the hard things in their life, wither its dancing or praying to God. 6. They also deal with rape. Conclusion. For Colored Girls who have considered Suicide when the Rainbow is Enuf, is a book about women’s perspective on life and how they way view men, which have hurt them, mistreated them, and how they react and live on it. And when they find God back into their lives they understand they didn’t have to go through all of that alone, but that they had God and they had each other.

Biblical Principles And Fiscal Policy

Biblical principles that deal with Fiscal and Monetary policy clearly spell out the expectations of a believer: the love of money is the root of all evils’. Give that which belongs to Caesar unto him, and that which belongs to God unto Him. This teaches the principle of equity, avoidance of greed and exercise of dependence on God and not such material possessions in pursuit of human goals. This therefore becomes the guiding principles for designing a viable fiscal and monetary policy.In this situation, all appropriate quarters working for the good of the organization are duly taken care of. Besides, such units need also make themselves accountable to the Audit or similar unit: In this vein, the accountability is sustained for the good of the colony. WORTHY PLAN The plan is also structured in such a way that the less privileged is also catered for: such people include the severely handicapped, orphans, the aged.The influence of Biblical principles, in these situations, ensures the policy promotes unity and harmony in the organization/nation. This way, there is reduced incidence of strife, attack on the rich in the society, embezzlement of public funds. It affords the right opportunity to contribute to the installation and maintenance of social amenities. With the weapon of the policy, taxation is not exempted nor evaded. It also provides for the provision of social amenities for the populace, and dilapidated ones are marked accordingly for repairs.Award of such contracts are heavily based on merit and not of favoritism or nepotism. Contractors for such projects are credible people saddled with the responsibility of carrying out such projects with the right materials, durable and long-lasting. All these are aimed at equitable distribution of resources among competent organizations and individuals. GIVING: LAW OF SOWING AND REAPING A 10% of accruable income is also given as tithe to God, as a means of replenishing his household and promoting missionary acti vities.Biblical principles are clear on the question on when and how to spend money; it emphasizes respect for government and so taxes must be paid at the right time, and all promises must be met. Besides, it also emphasizes the importance of giving a portion of accruable profits to God in the form of tithes and offering; this is one spiritual principle based on the ‘Sowing and reaping’. Sowing implies giving to the work of God; this is how every good Christian sees their gains and is also influenced by such in planning fiscal policies.Even certain entrepreneurs understand this principle so much that they provide certain share of money for socio-cultural and religious activities. Some don’t just give; they sponsor crusades, trips, scholarships, salaries and projects. Why do they do this? They understand its implication. What you sow is what you reap; they sow seeds into these organizations and they reap bountiful returns in kind and cash. This is one tested princ iple that company leaders and investment tycoons can attest to: it works excellently.In essence, the role of Biblical principles is such that it promotes accountability, integrity and equity; wealth is not restricted to a particular group of people; everyone is encouraged to engage in fruitful ventures. This is not far from the equality/justice perspective of a Christian, as he sees monetary policy as an avenue to show love and glorify God. In doing this, he understands the importance of equitable distribution of resources in such a way that the concomitant challenges of inequality and fraud are reduced or eliminated.

Free Essays on War With No Illusions

â€Å"War Without Illusions† Imagine a perfect world. There would be no war, no world hunger, no life taking diseases. Think about waking up and not having to worry about a single thing. Now imagine the total opposite. Living in fear from nuclear warfare, Terrorism, and invasions from other countries. Our lifestyles could mirror this if we do not handle this â€Å"Attack on America† properly. We as a country must think of the consequences of our actions well in advance before jumping into battle against the Middle East. With our country’s emotions running sky high it is very easy for us to wish for a military attack as soon as possible. This sounds sweet and pretty on paper but in reality there is much more we must think about. Invading Afghanistan right now may cause deadly results without the proper research. Bordering countries like Iraq, Iran, and Syria will also be a threat. There are still many of Bin Laden’s men in the U.S. and they are very dangerous. We must first investigate further into the terrorist acts and seek out rest of Bin Laden’s henchmen. If we attack Afghanistan right now, Bin Laden can easily have his men who are living in our country strike again. Once we know the actual location of Mr. Bin Laden, then and only then should we strike. â€Å"Paul Wolfowitz, the deputy secretary of defense said â€Å"ending states who sponsor terrorism† â€Å"War Without Illusions† New York Times 17 Sep 2001 a20. This in my opinion is a great thing to stand by. We should not differentiate from the group who has done this from the country or state that harbors them. This attack was planned to almost perfection and required lots of money. I’m sure there government helped fund this and many other terrorist acts. These countries are our enemies and we should no longer refrain from punishing them. Our allies will play a significant role in winning this war. Help from Russia and Pakistan will play a key role in our... Free Essays on War With No Illusions Free Essays on War With No Illusions â€Å"War Without Illusions† Imagine a perfect world. There would be no war, no world hunger, no life taking diseases. Think about waking up and not having to worry about a single thing. Now imagine the total opposite. Living in fear from nuclear warfare, Terrorism, and invasions from other countries. Our lifestyles could mirror this if we do not handle this â€Å"Attack on America† properly. We as a country must think of the consequences of our actions well in advance before jumping into battle against the Middle East. With our country’s emotions running sky high it is very easy for us to wish for a military attack as soon as possible. This sounds sweet and pretty on paper but in reality there is much more we must think about. Invading Afghanistan right now may cause deadly results without the proper research. Bordering countries like Iraq, Iran, and Syria will also be a threat. There are still many of Bin Laden’s men in the U.S. and they are very dangerous. We must first investigate further into the terrorist acts and seek out rest of Bin Laden’s henchmen. If we attack Afghanistan right now, Bin Laden can easily have his men who are living in our country strike again. Once we know the actual location of Mr. Bin Laden, then and only then should we strike. â€Å"Paul Wolfowitz, the deputy secretary of defense said â€Å"ending states who sponsor terrorism† â€Å"War Without Illusions† New York Times 17 Sep 2001 a20. This in my opinion is a great thing to stand by. We should not differentiate from the group who has done this from the country or state that harbors them. This attack was planned to almost perfection and required lots of money. I’m sure there government helped fund this and many other terrorist acts. These countries are our enemies and we should no longer refrain from punishing them. Our allies will play a significant role in winning this war. Help from Russia and Pakistan will play a key role in our...

Angkor Civilization Timeline and Khmer Empire Kings

Angkor Civilization Timeline and Khmer Empire Kings The Khmer Empire (also called the Angkor Civilization) was a state level society which at its height controlled all of what today is Cambodia, and parts of Laos, Viet Nam and Thailand as well. The Khmer primary capital was at Angkor, which means Holy City in Sanskrit. Angkor city was (and is) a complex of residential areas, temples and water reservoirs located north of Tonle Sap (Great Lake) in northwest Cambodia. Chronology of Angkor Complex Hunter Gatherers ? to ca 3000-3600 BCEarly Farming 3000-3600 BC to 500 BC (Ban Non Wat, Ban Lum Khao)Iron Age 500 BC to AD 200-500Early Kingdoms AD 100-200 to AD 802 (Oc Eo, Funan State, Sambor Prei Kuk), Chenla stateClassic (or Angkorian period) AD 802-1327 (Angkor Wat, Angkor Borei, etc.)Post-Classic AD 1327-1863 (after establishment of Buddhism) The earliest settlement in the Angkor region was by complex hunter-gatherers, at least as early as 3600 BC. The earliest states in the region emerged during the first century AD, as identified through historic documentation of the Funan state. Written accounts suggest that state level activities such as taxation on luxuries, walled settlements, participation in extensive trading, and the presence of foreign dignitaries occurred at Funan by AD 250. It is likely that Funan was not the only operating polity in southeast Asia at the time, but it is currently the best documented. Read more about Funan State By ~500 AD, the region was occupied by several southeast Asian states, including Chenla, Dvarati, Champa, Keda, and Srivijaya. All these early states share the incorporation of legal, political and religious ideas from India, including the use of Sanskrit for the names of their rulers. Architecture and carvings of the period also reflect Indian styles, although scholars believe the formation of states began before close interaction with India. The classic period of Angkor is traditionally marked at AD 802, when Jayavarman II (born c~770, ruled 802-869) became ruler and subsequently united the previously independent and warring polities of the region. Read more about Angkor Civilization Khmer Empire Classic Period (AD 802-1327) The names of the rulers in the classic period, like those of the earlier states, are Sanskrit names. A focus on building temples in the greater Angkor region began in the 11th century AD, and they were built and decorated with Sanskrit texts which acted as both concrete evidence of royal legitimacy and as the archives for the ruling dynasty that built them. For example, the Mahuidharapura dynasty established itself by constructing a large tantric Buddhist-dominated temple complex at Phimai in Thailand between 1080 and 1107. Jayavarman Two of the most important rulers were both named Jayavarman - Jayavarman II and Jajavarman VII. The numbers after their names were assigned to them by modern scholars of the Angkor society, rather than by the rulers themselves. Jayavarman II (ruled 802-835) founded the Saiva dynasty in Angkor, and united the region through a series of conquest battles. He established relative calm in the region, and Saiavism remained the unifying power in Angkor for 250 years. Jayavarman VII (ruled 1182-1218) took power of the regime after a period of unrest, when Angkor was split into competing factions and suffered an incursion from Cham polity forces. He promulgated an ambitious building program, that doubled Angkors temple population within a generation. Jayavarman VII erected more sandstone buildings than all his predecessors combined, at the same time turning the royal sculpting workshops into a strategic asset. Among his temples are Angkor Thom, Prah Khan, Ta Prohm and Banteay Kdei. Jayavarman is also credited with bringing Buddhism to state prominence in Angkor: although the religion had appeared in the 7th century, it had been suppressed by earlier kings. Khmer Empire Classic Period King List Jayavarman II, ruled AD 802-869, capitals at Vyadharapura and Mount KulenJayavarman III, 869-877, HariharalayaIndravarman II, 877-889, Mount KulenYashovarman I, 889-900, AngkorHarshavarman I, 900-~923, AngkorIsanavarman II, ~923-928, AngkorJayavarman IV, 928-942, Angkor and Koh KerHarshavarman II, 942-944, Koh KerRajendravarman II, 944-968, Koh Ker and AngkorJayavarman V 968-1000, AngkorUdayadityavarman I, 1001-1002Suryavarman I, 1002-1049, AngkorUdayadityavarman II, 1050-1065, AngkorHarshavarman III, 1066-1080, AngkorJayavarman VI and Dharanindravarman I, 1080-?, AngkorSuryavarman II, 1113-1150, AngkorDharanindravarman I, 1150-1160, AngkorYasovarman II, 1160-~1166, AngkorJayavarman VII, 1182-1218, AngkorIndravarman II, 1218-1243, AngkorJayavarman VIII, 1270-1295, AngkorIndravarman III, 1295-1308, AngkorJayavarma Paramesvara 1327-Ang Jaya I or Trosak Phaem, ? Sources This timeline is a part of the About.com guide to Angkor Civilization, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Chhay C. 2009. The Cambodian Royal Chronicle: A History at a Glance. New York: Vantage Press. Higham C. 2008. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 796-808. Sharrock PD. 2009. Garu a, Vajrapa i and religious change in Jayavarman VIIs Angkor. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 40(01):111-151. Wolters OW. 1973. Jayavarman IIs military power: The Territorial foundation of the Angkor empire. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1:21-30.

Usual arrangement of chairs in a college classroom Essay

Usual arrangement of chairs in a college classroom - Essay Example The problem with the classrooms today is that the schools and universities tend to overcrowd them, thus destroying the effectiveness of the seating arrangement in class. Although the U-shaped form of arranging desks helps ease the problem of whether the student can hear the professor or not, it does not solve the problem of whether the professor can effectively see his students when one raises his hand to pose a question or clarification on a topic being discussed. That has been a problem that I have struggled with ever since I got to college. My learning is hindered by the arrangement of the seats and the fact that the arrangement is meant to pack in as many students as possible within a class. Interaction among students? That isnt necessary in a classroom setting where the main focus should be on the teachers lecture and not what is happening at the next desk. That can be saved for group study hour. What I am trying to say is this. I believe that effective learning fully depends upon how much of the class lecture a student can hear, absorb, and a take note of. The most effective learning tool for a student is being in a position within the classroom to ask questions of his professor. But that will not happen when the desks are disorganized in the classroom. So Mr Stone is right, the arrangement of the chairs within a meeting can actually dictate the successful outcome of a gathering. If a student has a comfortable desk set within a good enough distance from which to see, hear, and question the professor, and an attentive professor to boot, then a student will be in the finest form possible to learn as much as he can within the

Stocks & Perspective of Corporate Finance Assignment

Stocks & Perspective of Corporate Finance - Assignment Example They have a 30.29% institutional ownership. In Target Corporation, institutional investors have a 28% institutional ownership. b.) In Wal-mart, institutional investors increase the share capital by 30.29%. Such a shareholding is has a material effect on the company’s retained earnings. In Target Corporation, institutional ownership has a significant portion of share capital. Institutional investors have diversified the range of investments, therefore increasing cash from investing activities. In Wal-mart, there are 15 members in the board of directors. Seven (7) of them are employees. The longest serving board of director is Douglas N. Daft while the shortest serving board of director is H. Lee Scott, Jr. In Target Corporation, there are 12 members in the board of directors. Ten (10) of them are employees. The longest serving director is James A. Johnson while the shortest serving director is Mary E.

Methods to measure gene expression in mammalian cells in vitro and in Essay

Methods to measure gene expression in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo - Essay Example This method is based on suppression PCR technique that is a combination of normalization and subtraction in one procedure. The normalisation technique would equalize cDNA abundance in the target population while the subtraction step excludes the sequences that are common between the target and driver populations. 5 The two type of real – time PCR are the molecular beacon and SYBR Â ® Green method. SYBR Â ® Green method is the first method that was used in real – time PCR wherein it binds to double – stranded and when this would get excited, would emit light. On the other hand, molecular beacon utilizes a reporter probe that is wrapped to the hairpin.9 Involves mRNA isolation and hybridisation. mRNA is extracted and purified from the cells. To proceed with electrophoresis, mRNA is loaded to the gel. The current is allowed to pass through the gel and mRNA will move away from the negative electrode. To visualize mRNA, Flourescent dye is used as a stain followed by UV lighting. RNA is then transferred to a membrane from the gel electrically or through capillary action using a high – salt solution. RNA fragment that is in question is incubated with the blot and to remove the probe, the blot is then washed. Developmental step follows.10 A method to analyse comprehensively patterns of gene expression.8 mRNA is isolated from the sample. A small chunk of sequence is then extracted and these small pieces are sequenced together forming a long chain. These chains are cloned into a vector that can be taken up by bacteria. These chains are sequenced using a modern high. The data is then processed with computer in order to count small tags sequence.13 This method works at the 3 terminal portions of mRNAs by systemic amplification and resolution on DNA sequencing gel fragments. Primers are anchored and are designed to bind to 5 boundary of the poly-A tails for the reverse transcription.

The Notion Of A Semantic Field English Language Essay

The Notion Of A Semantic Field English Language Essay The purpose of the present chapter is to discuss the notion of a semantic field, verbs which form semantic fields, verbs of perception and bodily sensation as well as metaphorical use of the verbs: to see. Semantics is the term which describes the study of meaning. It constitutes a part of linguistics, similarly like meaning constitutes a part of language. What semantics is interested in, is relation which occurs between linguistic units, like words or sentences, as well as the world. It is interested in how sentences which appear in natural language show reality and in what way they relate to peoples mental representations of reality. There are several kinds of semantics: pragmatic semantics, which deals with the meaning of utterances in context, sentence semantics, which occupies with the meaning of sentences and meaning relations between them, lexical semantics, which concerns the meaning of words and the meaning relations which appear in the vocabulary of a language. There are also two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic. The first concerns the logical properties of language, the nature of formal theories as well as the language of logic. The second occupies with all aspects of meaning which appear in natural languages, beginning from the meaning of complex utterances in given contexts and separate sounds in syllables. According to Saussurean and post-Saussurean structural semanticists, the meaning of any linguistic unit is determined by the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations which hold between that unit and other linguistic units in a language-system. Lexemes and other units that are semantically related, paradigmatically or syntagmatically, within a given language can be said to belong to, or to be members of, the same field; and a field whose elements are lexemes, is a lexical field. Therefore, it is a paradigmatically and syntagmatically constructed vocabularys subset. The strongest version of field-theory assumes that a languages vocabulary constitutes closed set of lexemes which can be divided into a set of lexical fields that is divided into subsets. Another assumption of field-theory is that closed sets of lexemes, which can be open or indeterminate, are both the vocabulary and each of the fields in the vocabulary. What is more, the whole vocabulary is said to be a field which consists of the same elements as the lexical fields.  [1]   The theory of semantic field, which is interested in the analysis of sense, was proposed by a number of German and Swiss scholars in the 1920s and 1930s, especially by Ipsen, Jolles, Porzig and Trier, however, its origins can be found in the middle of nineteenth century. According to Jost Trier, the vocabulary of a language is an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense; still, the system is changing. We can observe that lexemes which existed in the past are disappearing now as new lexemes replace them but we also observe that the relations of sense which hold between a particular lexeme as well as neighbouring lexemes in the system, are changing all the time. Any extending of lexemes concerns a corresponding narrowing of one or more neighbours of them. According to Trier, the fact that it intends to catalogue the changes which took place in the meanings of individual lexemes as a whole or separately, instead of examining changes in the whole structure of the vocabulary thr ough time, is one of the most important drawbacks of traditional diachronic semantics. Trier compared the structure of one lexical field at one time with the structure of a lexical field at another time. In spite of the fact that they constitute different lexical fields, as they belong to different synchronic language-systems, they concern the same conceptual field and that is why they are comparable. Trier claims that the part-whole relationship between particular lexemes which are interpreted within the lexical field, is identical or similar to the part-whole relationship between the lexical fields and the whole vocabulary. Fields are living realities intermediate between individual words and the totality of the vocabulary; as parts of a whole they share with words the property of being integrated in a larger structure and with the vocabulary the property of being structured in terms of smaller units.  [2]  For instance, the lexical field of colour terms involves the lexemes: black, white, red, green, yellow, blue, orange etc. and similarly, the lexical field of colour terms, as well as those of kindship terms, military ranks, vehicles, among others are only parts of the whole English vocabulary. In addition, the general lexeme red can be considered a lexical field within which the particular lexemes scarlet, crimson, vermillion can be interpreted. A lexical field is consisted of the set of lexemes in every language-system which cover the conceptual area and gives structure to it using the relations of sense between them; and every lexeme will cover some conceptual area which may be constructed in the same way as a field by another set of lexemes. Therefore, the sense of a lexeme constitutes a conceptual area within a conceptual field, and a concept is a conceptual area which is connected with a lexeme. Comparing two diachronically different lexical fields, which belong to the same conceptual field, it can be found that no changes can be observed either in the set of lexemes which belong to the two fields or in sense-relations which appear between them; that one lexeme replace another one, however, without changes in the internal structure of the conceptual field, that no changes in the set of lexemes can be observed but a change in the internal structure of the conceptual field; that some lexemes replaced others and the intern al structure of the conceptual field has changed as well; and finally, that some changes in the internal structure of the conceptual field caused that one or more of the lexemes has been added or lost. According to some critics, field-theory can be well-grounded only for abstract words analysis, however, there is no evidence which supports this statement. Triers theory of conceptual and lexical fields assumes that there is an unstructured substance of meaning, which underlies the vocabularies of all languages. Every language articulates reality in its own way, thereby creating its own particular view of reality and establishing its own unique concepts. As opposed to Trier, Porzig introduced a notion of semantic fields claiming that there are the relations of sense between pairs of lexemes which are joined syntagmatically which resulted in a controversy which theory was best. Porzigs theory was relied on the relationship within collocations which are consisted of a noun and a verb or a noun and an adjective. These two lexemes in each collocation are connected by an essential meaning-relation. Lexemes differ on account of the freedom with which they can be mixed in collocations with other lexemes. On the one hand, there are adjectives as good or bad which can collocate with almost every noun, and, on the other hand, there is an adjective as rancid which can collocate only with butter.  [3]   The theory of semantic fields is connected with direct or indirect attempts of studying the structure of some semantic or lexical fields, such as the hierarchy of military ranks, numerals, colour as well as kindship terms. Semantic field or semantic domain are terms used for the terms lexical field or lexical set. According to Crystal, semantic or lexical field is a named area of meaning in which lexemes interrelate and define each other in specific ways. For instance, the lexical field of relationship terms includes the lexemes: father, mother, son, daughter, cousin, nephew, uncle, aunt, grandfather, grandmother, etc. According to lexical field theory, the vocabulary of language is basically a dynamic and well-integrated system of lexemes structured by relationships of meaning. Crystal claims that there are three kinds of difficulties which can be encounter while assigning all the words in English in lexical fields. Firstly, some lexemes can belong to fields that are imprecise and difficult to define. Secondly, some lexemes can be assigned to more than one field. For instance, orange can be assigned to the field of fruit or to the field of colour, tomato as fruit or vegetable. Another difficulty concerns the best solution in defining a lexical field in connection with the other fields and its constituent lexemes. These difficulties show the fact that the English vocabulary does not consist of discrete fields in which an appropriate place can be found by every lexeme. However, a lot of lexemes can be classified into fields and sub-fields precisely.  [4]   Words, which refer to a particular class and which divide up a semantic field, in most cases are incompatible. For instance, it is impossible to say: This is a red hat and This is a green hat of the same object. We also cannot determine the same animal as a lion and as an elephant. Language often shows this incompatibility. For example, in the following sentence: It was on Saturday that she went there, it is clear that she did not go there on some other day of the week, and in the sentence: Bill punched Mary, it is clear that he did not kick or slap her, although punch, kick and slap belong to the same semantic field. However, there are some terms which can be described as mixtures, for instance, an orange-red hat, or tigon, which is the cross between a lion and a tiger. In situation in which such terms are introduced, a number of words within the field increases and the field is divided up in greater detail. In some cases, which concern the animal names, the distinction between the terms in the field is clear as well as reflected by clear distinctions in experience. In other cases, distinctions are not so cleared. The items in the field are unordered which means that they cannot be completed in any kind of order. So as to list them, it is necessary to do it in alphabetically. However, there are some groups of words which can be said to have some order. The examples of such words are measurements such as inch, foot, yard which can be put in order beginning from the smallest one, or numerals: one, two, three etc.  [5]   Generalization of lexical items in the semantic fields is not absolutely free. Every word is quite particular. For example, the verb change cannot replace the verb go and the other way round. The verb to travel can take place as a verb of change only in the spatial field, the verb to donate only in possessional field, the verb to become only in ascriptional, and the verb to schedule only in scheduling. Particular inference patterns occur in every semantic field. For instance, it is not possible for one object to be at two different places at the same time, in the spatial field. It can be said based on it that the object which moves from one place to another is not in its first position any longer. However, this inference does not take place in the field of information transfer. For instance, if Bill gives some information to Harry, it can be said that except for Harry no one else have the information, but since information unlike objects can be in more than one place at the same time , Bill still may have the information as well.  [6]   Language built up semantic fields or zones of meaning and they are linguistically limited. Vocabulary, grammar and syntax are adapted to the organization of these semantic fields. He task of classification schemes which are built up by language is to differentiate objects by gender or by number. In languages in which intimate or formal discourse by means of pronouns is distinguished, this distinction stresses the elements of a semantic field that are called the zone of intimacy.  [7]   In semantic field analysis, organizations of words into fields occur based on an element of meaning they share. Such a field can be constructed from words which refer to drinking vessels or verbs of communication such as speak order, warn, promise, etc. Set of agreed criteria for forming semantic fields does not exist, in spite of the fact that common component of meaning can be one. Making for account of word meaning which is more clear if a word is examined within the semantic spaces context which space concern other words semantically related is one of the arguments for a semantic field vocabularys description. In such a description, the sense relations play a significant part in joining of the words meanings which belong to the same semantic field. An example of arrangement of semantic fields in English vocabulary is Rogets Thesaurus. Roget divided vocabulary into six broad classes which are: abstract relations, space, matter, intellect, volition and affections. Each of these classes is subdivided into sections. For example, affections have the sections as generally, personal, sympathetic, moral, religious. Another two subdivisions take place in order to reach the articles or semantic fields. For instance, moral affections are subdivided into obligations, sentiments, conditions, practice and institutions. Obligations category has the articles as right/wrong, dueness/undueness, duty/dereliction and exemption. An article contains lists of words which are organized according to word class, for instance, dereliction of duty. In recent times Tom McArthur analyzed English semantic field and arranged words into fourteen semantic fields of a pragmatic, everyday nature, for example, Life and Living Things; People and the family; Food, Drink and Farming; Thought and Communication; Language and Grammar; Movement, Location, Travel and Transport. The broad semantic fields are subdivided. For instance, the Movement field has sub-divisions of: Moving, Coming and Going; Putting and Taking; Pulling and Pushing; Travel and Visiting; Vehicles and Transport on Land; Places; Shipping; Aircraft; Location and Direction. These subdivisions are divided into smaller groups of words which are related. For example, Travel and Visiting has a group of nine verbs of visiting, a group of ten verbs of meeting people and things, a group of thirteen nouns of visiting and inviting, and so on.  [8]   1. 2. Organization of verbs into semantic fields All verbs which have at least one meaning which can be related to a certain concept belong to such a field, and, a verb which has several meanings, consequently belongs to several fields. The meaning of a certain verb which causes that it is assigned to a particular field is called field-internal meaning. Lexical fields can be combined to form fields of higher-order. Vocabulary is divided into hierarchical groups such as: verbs of existence: to exist, to become, to make, verbs of alteration: to stay, to change, to influence, verbs of manifestation and perception: to see, to notice, to show, relational verbs: to organize, to join, to divide, verbs of ruling of behaviour: to allow, to order, to force, verbs of verbal expression: to saw, to name, to inform. However, subfield of the one field can be placed in another one. For example, subfield of the field of ruling of behaviour could be placed in the field of verbal expression. The lexical field, apart from occurring in different relati ons to other lexical fields, is internally strusturable as well. Specific relations between its elements, the lexical items or subsets can be established. These relations are based on field-internal meaning of the verbs and they are a significant part of the meanings description. There are two types of relations between verbs: In the first type the relations concern semantic or stylistic specificity of verbs. Antonymy, synonymy, hyponymy, cohyponymy are the terms which describe these relations. The second type concerns different verbal aspects.  [9]   The semantic fields have been divided into three groups. The first group which determines Concrete verbs includes fields such as Motion: go, put, and Production: make, build which refer to situations which are accessible instantly to the sense organs. Mental verbs include fields such as Cognition and Perception which provide a description of psychological processes which can be experienced by oneself but which is not seen at others. Grammatical verbs form the third group including different groups of verbs which have meaning not grammaticalized in many languages. Dynamic or modal meanings are those which they express. The lexicons organization can be looked at from componential or relational point of view. According to componential framework, the internal structure of a semantic field may be looked upon as the outcome of the interaction of a set of field-specific components and a number of general field-independent components that cut across all verbal semantic fields. For instance, verbs of Perception are grouped according to components which are field-independent. The sense modalities and the field-independent dynamic system belong to them and includes lexical aspect, for example, stative: see and dynamic: look and causative distinctions, for example, be visible and show which both make visible. All verbal semantic fields contain the distinctions within the dynamic system which are important. Some of components play a key role in constructing of a field, whereas secondary modulations are represent by others. According to Miller and Johnson Laird, verbal semantic fields are organized around a core predicate. For instance, Motion verbs are grouped into Travel and Possession verbs around Possess. Verbs of Physical contact such as hit, strike, beat, bunch, knock, bump into, touch, rub etc. are grouped into the core predicate Contact. The verbal semantic fields are usually grouped into one or more nuclear verbs which predominate in their fields in connection with frequency of occurrence, the number of secondary senses and the scope of constructions which they can belong to. The nuclear verbs contain not only the core component of the field but also some more detailed components which represent verbs being the most typical in their fields instead of being the direct exponents of the general meaning which is shared by all the fields elements. Whenever such exponents exist, they usually take place only in formal registers. The example of this is the nuclear perception verb see and a technical term is more or less the verb perceive.  [10]   In order to organize the English verb lexicon as a relational network, it was divided up into semantic fields, which provided an initial, semantically based organization of polysemous verbs in the English lexicon. It was also stated that words between which there are connections of semantic and lexical relations in most cases belong to the same semantic domain. Semantic domains such as vegetables and colour terms have been organized by relations as hyponymy. For example, verbs sprint and run belong to the semantic domain of motion verbs, because to sprint means to run in some way. Verbs are divided into those which indicate actions and events as well as those which indicate states. Most verbs belong to the first group and they are subdivided into thirteen more detailed semantic domains which are: verbs of motion, perception, contact, communication, competition, change, cognition, consumption, creation, emotion, possession and bodily care and functions, and verbs which refer to social behaviour and interactions. The verbs which are painstakingly discussed as the concept be, including resemble, belong and suffice are not contained in any of above semantic domains. These stative verbs form a separate classification and they constitute the only group which does not form a semantic domain. Auxiliaries and control verbs such as want, fail, prevent and succeed as well as aspectual verbs like begin, also belong to this group. A lot of verbs cannot be explicitly placed as either cognition or communication verbs such as wonder, speculate, confirm, judge etc. Similarly, a verb thistle can be placed in the group of verbs of sound emission as well as verbs of motion. Such verbs would be connected with verbs from more than one semantic field if they were proposed as monosemous. The classification of the verb lexicon into semantic fields could head the entire verb lexicon required by the absence of a single root verb or unique beginner. Lyons suggests a set of roots which includes: act, move, get, become, be, make, and Pulman suggests just be and do. There are cases that within a single semantic field, not all verbs can be classified as single unique beginner. Some of semantic fields can be indicated only by couple of unrelated trees. For instance, motion verbs have two homophonous top nodes which express two different concepts: move 1 and move 2. They express translational movement as well as movement without displacement. Verbs of possession belong to three concepts which are expressed by synsets give and transfer, take and receive, as well as have and hold. At the top of communication verbs there is the verb communicate but grouped into two independent trees which express verbal and nonverbal communication. The subdomain of verbal communication divides in to verbs which denote the communication of spoken and written language. Other semantic fields, the example of which are the verbs of bodily care and functions, are consisted of unrelated hierarchies which make a coherent semantic field because of the fact that most of the verbs like wash, comb, shampoo, make up, ache, atrophy opt for the same sorts of noun arguments. Verbs of social interaction, which constitutes a coherent semantic field, include a number of various semantic subdomains like politics (elect, depose), work (hire, subcontract, strike) and interpersonal relations (court, marry).  [11]   A large set of indications are made by the subject field codes and those indications show the semantic fields to which a word refers starting from basketball and entertainment to dentistry, music etc. Some fields are wide as for example economics, others are narrow like cricket. Many fields are divided into subfields, for instance accounting, banking, taxation are subfields of economics. Divisions in the subject field differ widely in their degree of specificity and organization. Therefore, there is a field which is defined as sp for sports which concerns subfields, such as archery, mountaineering, etc. However, the majority of what people recognize as sports have separate field-labels. It is similar situation with other areas such as games, arts, sports, nature, transport, information, etc. Some fields or subfields are cross-classified in connection with these broader areas. Therefore, it is obvious that the hunting and fishing field with subfields as fisheries, falconry, etc. are n ot only placed in the sports area but also in the nature area.  [12]   3. Verbs of perception and bodily sensation Perception is formed by five elements which are: vision, hearing, touch, smell as well as taste. To verbs of perception belong for example: see, look, hear, listen, sound, smell, touch, fell, taste and they can be divided into three groups. This classification is based on semantic role which a subject plays. One of these groups constitute those verbs which influence on peoples senses without their will, for instance, Peter saw the birds; Peter heard the birds; Peter felt a stone under his foot. In these examples, a subject cannot control what he see, hear or feel. Different things are here experienced by organs which are: eyes, ears, skin, nose and taste buds. These verbs which belong to this group, namely see, hear, smell, feel and taste are called differently, for instance: passive perception, cognition or inner perception. Another group of verbs of perception are called active perception verbs and a subject is able to control what he experiences with senses, for example: Peter loo ked at the birds; Peter listened to the birds; Peter felt the cloth. Those verbs which can be joined with an adverb are active verbs, while those verbs to which an adverb cannot be added are defined as passive. Example of this are following sentences: Jane was deliberately listened to music and Jane deliberately heard the music which cannot take place. One more group of verbs are those in which a subject is the stimuli of the perception, for example: Peter looked happy; Peter sounded happy; The cloth felt soft. Verbs from this group can be called flip verbs or stimulus subject. The term inert in group of verbs of inert perception, feel, hear, see, smell and taste, can be used so as to distinguish perception of the sort which is determined by see, where the perceiver takes part in this activity passively from the sort of look at when the object draws attention of the perceiver actively. Verbs feel, taste and smell can be used also to indicate active perception. To verbs of bodily sensation belong verbs: ache, feel, hurt, itch, tingle, etc. Any perceptible change of meaning takes place between sentences: I feel great and I am feeling great or between sentences: My knee hurts and My knee is hurting. Another group of perception verbs includes those for which object of perception constitutes the grammatical subject. For instance, That sounds like Marthas voice or You look tired. See and hear are joined by separate verbs which are look and sound, and the three verbs smell, taste and feel are used for the additional meaning. See verbs which include: detect, discern, feel, hear, notice, see, sense, smell and taste indicate the actual perception of some unit. The perceiver is a subject and that what is perceived is a direct object. Another group of verbs constitute sight verbs such as: decry, discover, espy, examine, eye, glimpse, inspect, investigate, note, observe, overhear, perceive, recognize, regard, savor, scan, scent, scrutinize, sight, spot, spy, study, survey, view, watch and witness. In this group of verbs of perception the perceiver is a subject and that what is perceived is a direct object, similarly like in see verbs. Peer verbs constitute another group which includes verbs like check (on), gape, gawk, gaze, glance, glare, goggle, leer, listen (to), look, ogle, peek, peep, peer, sniff, snoop (on), squint and stare. These verbs do not concern the apprehension of something through a sense because it is possible for someone to look at something and not seeing it. All verbs in this group include s ight except for sniff and listen. Stimulus Subject Perception Verbs include: feel, look, smell, sound and taste. In these verbs the perceiver is not a subject which takes place in the other verbs of perception.  [13]  Verbs of perception have two functions. Firstly, there is a Perceiver (a human), who, discovers something about the Impression. Peoples eyes are those organs of sense which allow to collect more information than other senses and those verbs which refer to vision are: see, watch, look (at), stare (at), peep (at), inspect. Verbs hear and listen (to) are the only verbs which refer to audition, while feel, smell and taste are those verbs which indicate other human senses. There is also a group of verbs which not only refer to something that is seen, but also to other senses. Verbs which belong to this group are for example: notice, recognize and study, in sentences: I noticed, on tasting it, that hed put in too much curry powder; She recognized Johns voice; He is study ing the various smells produced in Thai kitchen. There are some subtypes of verbs of perception. The first one is see subtype which concerns direct description of an act of perception and verbs which belong to this group are: see, hear, smell, taste, feel. Other verbs which can be also assigned here, are observe which indicates something happening, notice which indicates seeing or hearing something from the background, as well as perceive, which refers to the specific thing, state or event from the background. Another group is show subtype and it describes in what way one person helps someone else to an act of perception. Show is the main verb in this subtype and it is lexical causative of verbs see, notice and observe. In this relation there is a Causer and a Perceiver or Impression, for instance: John picked up the book and showed it to Mary; John brought Mary over and showed her the book. Whenever a verb show has NPs which realize all roles it indicates visual perception, for example, a sentence John showed the parrot to Mary me ans that she not heard it but saw it. However, when the Impression is a complement clause a verb show means that eyes or ears were used, for instance, John showed Mary how to mend a fuse which indicates that Mary observed John while he did it, or John showed Mary how to make a uvular trill which indicates that Mary heard the sound made by John. A verb demonstrate is in these cases a synonym of a verb show. Next group is recognize subtype which indicates some perception and knowing what kind of perception it is. Verbs in this subtype are recognize and spot. One more subtype is discover subtype which concerns something which was not apparent at the beginning but later, for example, a verb discover which indicates perceiving something for the first time, or a verb find which means perceiving something that was looked at or something familiar. The witness subtype is another group and indicates some observations of definite unit of activity in which witness occurs as the only member. Ano ther subtype is look and it refers to the Perceiver who aims his attention so as to join with some Impression. In this group are following verbs: look (at), listen (to) and also stare (at), glare (at), peep (at), peer (at), squint (at), eavesdrop (on), search (for), look (for), hunt (for), inspect, study, investigate, scan, scrutinise, examine, check, view, explore, survey, visit. Next group is watch subtype which is similar to the previous one but indicating deliberate perception over a period of time. A verb watch is the only one which belongs to this subtype. This can be showed by following examples: I watched John eat his dinner instead of I looked at John eat his dinner. A verb listen (to) has two meaning, one of them can be compared with look (at), for instance, Look at this picture!; Listen to this noise behind the skirting!, and another which can be compared with watch, for example, I listened to John say his prayers. Other verbs which belong to those concerning attention ar e ignore, disregard, overlook, pass over which indicate the Perceiver who is not in contact with an impression. These verbs are transi